CULTIVATION OF THREE LETTUCE VARIETIES UNDER LOW LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT IN TROPICAL URBAN AREA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32404/wdq7xx82Keywords:
Artificial light, Light emitting diode, Light stress, Shade intensityAbstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a leafy vegetable that is widely consumed due to its high nutritional content. The growth and yield of lettuce plants are significantly influenced by light intensity. Despite its potential, information about the intensity required for plants to grow optimally, specifically in urban areas, is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the morphological and physiological growth and yield of 3 lettuce varieties under the intensity of sunlight and artificial light. The procedures were carried out using a split-plot design with 3 replications. The main plot comprised 55% shade (S55% + SL), 80% shade (S80% + SL), and 100% shade combined with artificial light from Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights (S100%+LED), which served as low-intensity light. Meanwhile, the subplots were 3 varieties of lettuce, including Romaine Lactuca sativa L. VAR. Longifolia (V1), Grand rapids Lactuca sativa L. VAR. new grand rapids (V2), and siomak Lactuca sativa L. VAR. Augustuna (V3). The results showed that shading intensity of 80% (S80% +SL) and 100% (SD100%+LED) inhibited plant growth, particularly in leaves and roots. Microclimate conditions, such as air temperature and light intensity, were lower due to the influence of shade. In conclusion, 3 lettuce varieties cannot grow optimally under low intensity shade, and 100% shade (SD100%+LED) is not suitable for the specific needs of plant to promote optimal growth and yield of lettuce.
References
(I) Ahmed, H.A., Yu-Xin, T., Qi-Chang, Y. 2020. Optimal control of environmental conditions affecting lettuce plant growth in a controlled environment with artificial lighting: A review. South African Journal of Botany, 130, 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.12.018
(II) Al Murad, M., Razi, K., Jeong, B. R., Samy, P.M.A., Muneer, S. 2021. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) as agricultural lighting: Impact and its potential on improving physiology, flowering, and secondary metabolites of crops. Sustainability, 13(4), 1985. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041985
(III) Bertolino, L.T., Caine, R.S., Gray, J.E. 2019. Impact of stomatal density and morphology on water-use efficiency in a changing world. Frontiers in plant science, 10, 225. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00225
(IV) Chen, Z., Shah Jahan, M., Mao, P., Wang, M., Liu, X., Guo, S. 2021. Functional growth, photosynthesis and nutritional property analyses of lettuce grown under different temperature and light intensity. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 96(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2020.1807416
(V) Chen, J., Zhu, C., Li, R., Zhou, Z., Miao, C., Wang, H., Wu, S., Li, R., Zhang, Y., Cui, J., Ding, X., Jiang, Y. 2025. Light Regulation Under Equivalent Cumulative Light Integral: Impacts on Growth, Quality, and Energy Efficiency of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in Plant Factories. Plants, 14(22), 3469. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223469
(VI) Fadilah, L.N., Lakitan, B., Marlina, M. 2022. Effects of shading on the growth of the purple pakchoy (Brassica rapa var. Chinensis) in the urban ecosystem. Agronomy Research 20(S1), 938–950. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.22.057
(VII) Fahad, S., Bajwa, A.A., Nazir, U., Anjum, S.A., Farooq, A., Zohaib, A., Sadia, S., Nasim, W., Adkins, S., Saud, S., Ihsan, M., Alharby, H., Wu, C., Wang, D., Huang, J. 2017. Crop production under drought and heat stress: plant responses and management options. Frontiers in plant science, 8, 1147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01147
(VIII) Ferrante, A., Mariani, L. 2018. Agronomic management for enhancing plant tolerance to abiotic stresses: High and low values of temperature, light intensity, and relative humidity. Horticulturae, 4(3), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae4030021
(IX) Formisano, L., Ciriello, M., Cirillo, V., Pannico, A., El-Nakhel, C., Cristofano, F., Duri, L.G., Giaordano, M., Rouphael, Y., Pascale, S. 2021. Divergent leaf morpho-physiological and anatomical adaptations of four lettuce cultivars in response to different greenhouse irradiance levels in early summer season. Plants, 10(6), 1179. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061179
(X) Frąszczak, B., Kula-Maximenko, M. 2021. The preferences of different cultivars of lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.) for the spectral composition of light. Agronomy, 11(6), 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061211
(XI) Freschet, G.T., Violle, C., Bourget, M.Y., Scherer‐Lorenzen, M., Fort, F. 2018. Allocation, morphology, physiology, architecture: The multiple facets of plant above‐and below‐ground responses to resource stress. New Phytologist, 219(4), 1338-1352. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15225
(XII) Ghorbanzadeh, P., Aliniaeifard, S., Esmaeili, M., Mashal, M., Azadegan, B., Seif, M. 2021. Dependency of growth, water use efficiency, chlorophyll fluorescence, and stomatal characteristics of lettuce plants to light intensity. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 40, 2191-2207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10269-z
(XIII) Harborne, J.B. 1973. Nitrogen compounds. In phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis (pp. 166-211). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5921-7_5
(XIV) Jumrani, K., Bhatia, V.S., Hussain, S., Kataria, S., Yang, X., Brestic, M. 2024. Effect of shading on leaf anatomical structure, photosynthesis characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence of soybean (Glycine max). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 210(6), e12783. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12783
(XV) Korsakova, S., Plugatar, Y., Ilnitsky, O., Karpukhin, Y. 2019. A research on models of the photosynthetic light response curves on the example of evergreen types of plants. Agronomy Research, 17(2), 518–539. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.19.065
(XVI) Leister, D. 2023. Enhancing the light reactions of photosynthesis: Strategies, controversies, and perspectives. Molecular Plant, 16(1), 4-22. https://10.1016/j.molp.2022.08.005
(XVII) Mathur, S., Jain, L., Jajoo, A. 2018. Photosynthetic efficiency in sun and shade plants. Photosynthetica, 56, 354-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-018-0767-y
(XVIII) Mickens, M.A., Torralba, M., Robinson, S.A., Spencer, L.E., Romeyn, M.W., Massa, G.D., Wheeler, R.M. 2019. Growth of red pak choi under red and blue, supplemented white, and artificial sunlight provided by LEDs. Scientia horticulturae, 245, 200-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.10.023
(XIX) Modarelli, G.C., Paradiso, R., Arena, C., Pascale, S., Van Labeke, M.C. 2022. High light intensity from blue-red LEDs enhance photosynthetic performance, plant growth, and optical properties of red lettuce in controlled environment. Horticulturae, 8(2), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020114
(XX) Mohamed, S.J., Rihan, H.Z., Aljafer, N., Fuller, M.P. 2021. The impact of light spectrum and intensity on the growth, physiology, and antioxidant activity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Plants, 10(10), 2162. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102162
(XXI) Moore, C.E., Meacham-Hensold, K., Lemonnier, P., Slattery, R.A., Benjamin, C., Bernacchi, C.J., Lawson, T., Cavanagh, A.P. 2021. The effect of increasing temperature on crop photosynthesis: from enzymes to ecosystems. Journal of experimental botany, 72(8), 2822-2844. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab090
(XXII) Navyashree, R. 2023. Water relations and uptake in crops. Crop Physiology: A Collaborative Insights, 46.
(XXIII) Oliveira, J.R., Hüther, C.M., Ricardo, R.A.K., Donagemma, G.K., Batista, I., Correia, M.E.F., Muller, M.D., Melo, P.S., Correa, N., Tavares, S.D.L. 2024. Evaluation of photosynthetic variables of Brachiaria brizantha under eucalyptus canopies in a livestock-forestry integration system. Agronomy Research, 22(S1), 503–512. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.24.016
(XXIV) Palma, C.F.F., Castro-Alves, V., Morales, L.O., Rosenqvist, E., Ottosen, C.O., Strid, Å. 2021. Spectral composition of light affects sensitivity to UV-B and photoinhibition in cucumber. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 610011. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.610011
(XXV) Peter, A.P., Koyande, A.K., Chew, K.W., Ho, S.H., Chen, W.H., Chang, J.S., Krishnamoorthy, R., Banat, F., Show, P.L. 2022. Continuous cultivation of microalgae in photobioreactors as a source of renewable energy: Current status and future challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 154, 111852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111852
(XXVI) Rezai, S., Etemadi, N., Nikbakht, A., Yousefi, M., Majidi, M. M. 2018. Effect of light intensity on leaf morphology, photosynthetic capacity, and chlorophyll content in sage (Salvia officinalis L.). 36(1), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.12972/kjhst.20180006
(XXVII) Salagovic, J., Vanhees, D., Verboven, P., Holsteens, K., Verlinden, B., Huysmans, M., Poel, B.V., Nicolaï, B. 2024. Microclimate monitoring in commercial tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) greenhouse production and its effect on plant growth, yield and fruit quality. Frontiers in Horticulture, 3, 1425285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhort.2024.1425285
(XXVIII) Shi, Y., Ke, X., Yang, X., Liu, Y., Hou, X. 2022. Plants response to light stress. Journal of Genetics and Genomics, 49(8), 735-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2022.04.017
(XXIX) Slattery, R.A., Walker, B.J., Weber, A.P., Ort, D.R. 2018. The impacts of fluctuating light on crop performance. Plant physiology, 176(2), 990-1003. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.01234
(XXX) Songserm, R., Nishiyama, Y., Sanevas, N. 2024. Light influences the growth, pigment synthesis, photosynthesis capacity, and antioxidant activities in Scenedesmus falcatus. Scientifica, 2024(1), 1898624. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1898624
(XXXI) Tarakanov, I.G., Tovstyko, D.A., Lomakin, M.P., Shmakov, A.S., Sleptsov, N N., Shmarev, A.N., Litvinskiy, V.A., Ivlev, A.A. 2022. Effects of light spectral quality on photosynthetic activity, biomass production, and carbon isotope fractionation in lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., plants. Plants, 11(3), 441. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030441
(XXXII) Wang, J., Lu, W., Tong, Y., Yang, Q. 2016. Leaf morphology, photosynthetic performance, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) exposed to different ratios of red light to blue light. Frontiers in plant science, 7, 250. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00250
(XXXIII) Xu, J., Guo, Z., Jiang, X., Ahammed, G.J., Zhou, Y. 2021. Light regulation of horticultural crop nutrient uptake and utilization. Horticultural Plant Journal, 7(5), 367-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2021.01.005
(XXXIV) Yang, J., Song, J., Liu, J., Dong, X., Zhang, H., Jeong, B.R. 2024. Prolonged post-harvest preservation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa l.) By reducing water loss rate and chlorophyll degradation regulated through lighting direction-induced morphophysiological improvements. Plants, 13(18), 2564. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182564
(XXXV) Yu, Z., Chen, J., Chen, J., Zhan, W., Wang, C., Ma, W., Yao, X., Zhou, S., Zhu, K., Sun, R. 2024. Enhanced observations from an optimized soil-canopy-photosynthesis and energy flux model revealed evapotranspiration-shading cooling dynamics of urban vegetation during extreme heat. Remote Sensing of Environment, 305, 114098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2024.114098
(XXXVI) Zhou, J., Li, P., Wang, J. 2022. Effects of light intensity and temperature on the photosynthesis characteristics and yield of lettuce. Horticulturae, 8(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020178
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The authors retain the rights to the manuscripts and, therefore, are free to share, copy, distribute, perform and publicly communicate the work under the following conditions:
Acknowledge work credits in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in a way that suggests that you have their support or that they support their use of their work).
REVISTA DE AGRICULTURA NEOTROPICAL (ISSN 2358-6303) is under license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Sustainable Development Center of Bolsão Sul-Mato-grossense (CEDESU), of the University Unit of Cassilândia (UUC), preserves the patrimonial rights (copyright) of the published works and favors and allows their reuse under the license as mentioned above.
------------
The journal reserves the right to make normative, orthographic, and grammatical alterations in the originals, to maintain the cult standard of the language, respecting, however, the style of the authors.
Final proofs will be sent to the authors.
Published works become the property of the journal. The opinions expressed by the authors of the manuscripts are their sole responsibility.
